Global Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Marketing - Assignment Example Culture is recognised to be an essential factor which imposes considerable impact upon the entire performance of the organisations (Lee & Carter, 2009; Bardhan & et. al., 2006). Culture is recognised to be an essential element on the basis of which the different magnitudes of human behaviour are determined. Culture comprises different elements that include belief, morals, knowledge, art and customs among others. These are various elements that depict the culture of a particular society. Moreover, culture is based on different macro environmental factors including social, economic, political and religious beliefs. In this regard, people of a society develop cultural values, behaviour and beliefs on the basis of the aforementioned factors (Soares & et. al., 2007). Culture is based on various concepts such as attitudes, values and ideas through which people perform various actions in a society. The cultural values and beliefs are usually shared amid the people of a society according to which individuals develop their ethnic values and purchasing behaviour (Belshek, 2004). Global marketing is often regarded as an appropriate strategy which adopt by business originations with the intention of conducting diverse operational functions effectively on a global context. Presently, there are various factors that can be viewed to be responsible for business organisations to execute their respective operations successfully in overseas business market segments. In this regard, these factors comprise minimised or unrestricted trade barriers, multilateral agreements in relation to trade activities and prevalence of common business market conditions. Culture is often recognised to play an imperative role in supporting the organisations towards making effective decisions. Business organisations, in order to execute their respective operational functions or activities efficiently in the worldwide market segments, are required to possess adequate knowledge in relation to fundament al and cultural values. In this respect, organisations having adequate knowledge in relation to cultural values will be able to operate their business operations with greater efficiency. It is worth mentioning that organisations, with appropriate understanding and knowledge about cultural values and beliefs will be facilitated with the opportunity of formulating along with executing effective marketing strategies towards the accomplishment of predetermined business targets (Vogt, 2013; Kotabe & Hesen, 2010; Gillespie & et. al., 2010; Lee & Carter, 2009). Culture should be considered in global marketing as the present business market scenario or the market conditions is recognised to be changing frequently due to several factors. The foremost factors for the change in the market conditions can be apparently observed as the development of new business markets and the preferences of global consumers that are likely to alter in relation to demographics along with expectations. It has be en viewed that the global marketing activities have changed due to the dissimilar cultural values along with beliefs that holds by the worldwide customers (Keegan, 2011; Lee & Carter, 2009; Passaris, 2006; Picard, 2004). Thus, it can be affirmed that the market conditions of global market are often predicted to remain much dependent

United States and Israel Essay Example for Free

United States and Israel Essay The Israeli government, unlike the United States, is a multiparty Parliamentary Republic. It runs as nonfederalist government and acts as the central government in Jerusalem. The ultimate authority does not lie in the Constitution like most democratic countries nor the executive branch. The ultimate authority in Israel is the legislative branch—the Knesset. The country has no written Constitution. Government activities and policies are guided by the basic laws passed by the Parliament. The government has three main branches: the executive, the legislative or the Knesset and the judiciary. Unlike a democratic state, these three branches of the government do not hold equal powers. The President has limited power and is not even elected by the people. The President is elected by the Knesset and may serve for a maximum of two terms, each having five year duration. He serves as head of the state but only holds ceremonial functions such as opening the Knessets first session and receiving diplomatic representatives from other countries (MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia n. pag. ). The judiciary on the other hand decides cases and sees to it that justice is met. The legislative on the other hand is the most powerful body of government. They create the law and control all government processes. It is composed of 120 members who serve on a four year term. Its main function is to determine the members’ confidence in the government. A vote of no confidence is enough to topple the government, however, in Israels history, a vote of no confidence has only happened once—1990 (Jewish Virtual Library n. pag. ). The election process in Israel is not as liberal as in the United States. National elections in Israel happen once every four years and on the municipal level, once every five years. All Israelis who are 18 years old and above have the right of suffrage. However, unlike in the United States where specific individuals are voted for, the Israelis are only allowed to vote for a party. Every party that desire to run for the elections comes up with a list of their candidates and the people choose which list they prefer. The number of candidates from a party that would enter the House of Representatives or the Knesset is proportional to the percentage of votes received by the list. So representation in the Congress is dependent on party support and not really on individual support. In the United States, representation in Congress is not dependent on a certain party list. For someone to claim a seat in the US Senate, he must be at least 30 years old, and resident of the state where he is elected, among others, for the House of Representatives, he must be a resident of the District where he was elected. The US Constitution provides that the Senator and the Congressmen represent the cause of the people within their sector, the members of the Knesset on the other hand do not share the same responsibility. They were not voted to represent a certain district or state, they were voted to create the basic laws for the country and hold the greatest power in the land. In the United States, the powers of Congress are determined by their Constitution. In Israel, the powers of the Knesset are determined by the representatives themselves, the Declaration of Independence and the basic laws of the land (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia n. pag. ). The citizens in the United States participate freely in the political process as they are granted such right by their Constitution. The Israelis do not enjoy the same right because the Knesset controls the political process. They create the law and give the people limited rights to meddle in the political process, even the Executive branch and the judiciary have limited powers when it comes to the countrys political affairs. Due to the lack of Constitution that will protect their rights, the people of Israel do not have an access to an established and equitable system rule of law. They only have access to the basic laws which were created by the Knesset. This kind of law does not guarantee protection at all times because they are still subject to the whims and caprices of the Knesset. They can easily be abolished and replaced anytime unlike if they have a Constitution, they will have greater rights because it will take a more rigorous process before this law can be amended. A Constitution provides the basic rights of every citizen and equalizes the power of everyone. No one in the Constitution has more power as compared to the other and the implementation of rights provided therein is not subject to the caprices of the law makers. Its stability makes the people more secure that their rights will be protected at all times. The United States, having a Constitution of its own, the people have an access to an established and equitable system of law. However, the absence of a Constitution does not mean that all the rights of the people are already unavailable. The people of Israel exercise the freedom of expression and belief. There is no law that attempts to filter the news that the media conveys, in fact, freedom of the press is deeply enjoyed by communicators. The Declaration of Independence mentions the principle of freedom of expression and secured in the basic law created by the Knesset. Public scrutiny is prevalent in Israeli news. Before 1993, media outfits were government owned but the government decided to change this policy and opened it for private ownership. There are around thirty daily newspapers in Israel, half are written in Hebrew and the other half are written in other languages (MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia n. pag. ). The media in Israel enjoys the same freedom as the media in the United States. They can report on all aspects and can freely criticize the failings of the government. Arab journalists in Palestine or the Middle East do not enjoy the same rights. The country also hosts people a rich mixture of religious groups and each religion has its own school, councils and courts that decides on domestic issues such as marriage and divorce (Jewish Virtual Library n. pag. ). The Israelis also enjoy the freedom to assemble and to associate. They are not prohibited by the government to air out their sentiments to government policies through rallies and protests (Jewish Virtual Library n. pag. ). Socially, Israelis also enjoy freedom. They provide full equality for women they are not discriminated as compared to other Arab countries. They also recognize the differences of sexual orientation. Unlike most societies, homosexuality is not a sin in Israel. People are respected the way other people express themselves or perceive themselves to be. There is also no discrimination in jobs. The Israeli Arabs can be employed to menial jobs and even as Supreme Court Justices (Jewish Virtual Library n. pag. ) In terms of purchasing private property, the government does not restrict its purchase. Contrary to the speculations of some journalists, an Arab or a Jew may buy private property in Israel. There is no discrimination as to race or belief. However, the government prohibits the purchase of state land or those that are owned by the state to both Arabs and Jews. The prohibition is applicable to all. Some journalists and analysts, however, believe otherwise (Middle East Quarterly n. pag. ). Works cited â€Å"Fact Sheets† n. d. Jewish Virtual Library 11 May 2008 http://72. 14. 235. 104/search? q=cache:oI9BaF-Sxd4J: www. jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/talking/36_liberal. html+freedom+to+assemble+and+associate+in+Israelhl=tlct=clnkcd=3gl=phclient=firefox-a â€Å"Israel† n. d. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 11 May 2008 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761575008_8/Israel. html â€Å"The Israeli Government—How Does it Work? † n. d. Jewish Virtual Library. 11 May 2008 http://72. 14. 235. 104/search? q=cache:d_6PPHEkj0sJ:www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Politics/how_govt_works. html+The+Israeli+Government+How+Does+It+Work%3Fhl=tlct=clnkcd=2gl=phclient=firefox-a Safian, Alexander. 1997 December. â€Å"Can Arabs Buy Land in Israel? † Middle East Quarterly. http://72. 14. 235. 104/search? q=cache:1bvrvPsLhg4J:www. meforum. org/article/370+private+property+purchase+in+Israelhl=tlct=clnkcd=1gl=phclient=firefox-a â€Å"US Congress† n. d. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 11 May 2008 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761554908_2/Congress. html â€Å"US Government. † n. d. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopeda. 11 May 2008 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_1741500781/United_States_Government. html

Free Handmaids Tale Essays: The Oppression of Women :: Handmaids Tale Essays

The Oppression of Women in Handmaids Tale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Within freedom should come security. Within security should come freedom. But in Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood, it seems as though there is no in between. Atwood searches throughout the novel for a medium between the two, but in my eyes fails to give justice to a woman’s body image. Today's society has created a fear of beauty and sexuality in this image. It is as though a beautiful woman can be just that, but if at the same time, if she is intelligent and motivated within acting as a sexual being, she is thought of as exploiting herself and her body. Atwood looks for a solution to this problem, but in my eyes fails to do so. In the Handmaid's Tale women are supposed to be more secure then they have ever been. Their bodies and their ability to reproduce are worshiped by society. Crimes against women have been erased. There is no longer rape, or domestic physical and mental violence against women. There is also no abortion. For women to exist in a space like this, one would think that they had the freedom to be powerful, strong women. Yet they are enslaved to this idea of being "protected." Atwood tries to define a woman’s security as being powerful, but really she just contributes to the idea that women are incapable of taking care of and protecting themselves. The novel also portrays a space where a woman’s body is something to fear and hide. "My nakedness is strange to me already. My body seems outdated. Did I really wear bathing suits at the beach? I did, without thought, amoung men, without caring that my legs, my arms, my thighs and back were on display, could be seen. Shameful, immodest. I avoid looking at my body, not so much because it's shamefull or immodest but because I don't want to see it. I don't want to look at something that determines me so completely."(P.63) Women fear their own bodies, they don't love themselves. Which is unfortunate because having love for your body can create a very powerful space for a woman. When women learn to love themselves and their bodies and not fear what they can do with them, they gain self-esteem and confidence to do whatever it is they want to do. A society such as this, defined as having a basis on women, truely, does not.

Julius Caesar Essay -- essays papers

Julius Caesar William Shakespeare has written many plays that touched millions of people throughout the centuries. His works are still the most controversial ones favored by many Literature critics because his plays generate spontaneous debates on issues such as friendship, revenge, human ambitions and moralities that lead to dynamic discussion among people. In the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, friendship vs. duty is one of the major themes that is developed. One's struggle over the choice between friendship and duty is depicted through the main character, Brutus, as he battles himself to choose between his duty to carry out people's will and his own conscious hitting on his faithfulness to his best friend Caesar. Although Brutus himself was skeptical if he made the right decision, he joins the conspiracy that plans for the murder of their leader Julius Caesar. The tragic aspect of the play Julius Caesar is that even though Brutus ‘s motives were immaculate, his fear toward Caesar's ambition, Cassius' persuasion, and his tragic flaw, idealism deluded him to make a tragic mistake of assassinating Caesar. While human ambition is considered an important requirement in achieving one's goal, it often leaves negative impressions to others. People do fear ambitious men because strong desire often leads to selfishness and dictatorship. As Caesar's popularity became more evident, his fellow officers and the nobles were worried that people of Rome might crown Caesar. As early as Act 1 scene one, two tribunes of Rome, Flavius and Marullus show concerns toward a possibility of a new dictatorship in Rome and remind themselves of their duty to protest against such power exercised by one person. Not surprisingly, the rumors of Ca... ...dealism. His tragic flaw, idealism, makes him to make initial decision, arrived at with such difficulty, that Caesar has to die. Brutus is wrong. Yet when we read carefully, the soliloquy in the garden, it becomes obvious that Brutus is deceiving himself. He confesses that he has "no personal cause" to fear Caesar and furthermore, that he has never known of potential of tyranny in Caesar. His honor and nobility were manipulated by Cassius and at the end, he finishes his life tragically by suiciding. The tragedy of Brutus lies here. Not that he attempted to free the republic of Rome from a tyrannous dictator and was killed in the action; but that, with the best of motives, he was responsible for the murder of Caesar.) (Mowant, P. 23 - 25) " Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of times." (Shakespear, Act 3, scene 1, 256 - 257)

Problem of unemployment

Unemployment is a serious problem in our country, which leads to poverty. Many people are eager to find Jobs Support themselves as well as their families but there are not enough Jobs for everyone. As a result the problem of unemployment is seen at every level. Lack of Job opportunities has brought depression and hopelessness among our youth. It has made them to go astray which creates many other problems like drug addiction, identity crises, etc.Let us first examine the causes of the problem of nemployment before discussing the various ways and means of solving this problem. There are many reasons for the problem of unemployment in our country. One of them is the slow growth of our economy, in relation to increase in the number of educated persons. When an economy is growing, there are plenty of Jobs for everyone. Our economy has grown and there has been development but not enough to generate sufficient number of Jobs. Another factor that has led to unemployment is the growth in pop ulation.Ours is a thickly populated country the population ncreasing by leaps and bounds. But Jobs and gainful avenues cannot be generated in the proportion. The Jobs are restricted in number but the people applying for them are many. So, a large section of people is left without Job. The growth in education has resulted is larger number of people looking for white collar Jobs, which are not available. Again, education is often not aimed at providing people with vocational skills. So their scope for employment remains limited.At the same time, the growth of mechanization and more sophisticated machinery is mportant for the development of industry. But this often means few people are required for specific Jobs. As a result there is more unemployment. It is the responsibility of the government to provide Jobs for all those who are able to work. It has started schemes like the Jawahar Rozgar YoJana, SwarnaJayanti, Gram Swarozgar YoJna and other in rural areas. Loans are also given- to encourage self employment and small scale industries. Technical and vocational education should be stressed.When people get technical nd vocational education, they will not hanker after services on completing their education. They will come out well prepared to stand on their own legs. They will choose a profession in accordance with their capability and aptitude. This will help in solving the problem unemployment. J M It is also necessary to check the rapid growth of our pulation. There must be laid on family planning in this regard. After population is controlled, we can easily overcome development of our country can never be possible. Hence, it is necessary to bring awareness among the common mass.

Stop seeking out approval and get happier

Stop seeking out approval and get happier We’ve all seen people on treadmills- either at the gym or on TV shows or in movies, and it’s always the same thing: someone is devoting a great deal of time and energy trying to race forward, but the truth is they aren’t actually getting anywhere. Did you know that there are â€Å"mental treadmills† that we often put ourselves on? We focus our thoughts, time, and mental energy on something that gets us nowhere. Worse than this, it keeps us from devoting our limited resources on more productive things that would actually help us achieve our goals in life. Not a good formula for lasting success, is it?One unfortunate but popular mental treadmill is the endless effort to gain the approval of others, which often leaves us unhappy, unfulfilled, and feeling worse and more rejected than before. We spend countless hours- in our daily lives, online, in our interactions with others, and in our decision-making regarding everything from what we wear to what we say and how we behave- trying to get others to approve of us, and it can be thoroughly exhausting. It forces us to expend a lot of effort without really getting us anywhere.Let’s take a closer look at the approval treadmill and discover how we can get off of it once and for all!It’s natural to want approval.First off, breathe- it’s completely normal to want to seek the approval of others. The truth is, humans are social creatures and we’re wired to seek the company and acceptance of people we encounter- from peers and colleagues to acquaintances and neighbors and everyone in between. Simply put, we want to be acknowledged and liked, as it reinforces our sense of self and our life choices, and it provides a boost to our self-esteem.Furthermore, seeking the approval of others can be a strategically adaptive life tool. For example, having a positive mentor or role model in our lives whose approval we are constantly pushing ourselves to attain can really help us ach ieve our goals.A problem arises when we become hyper-focused on the approval of others. This need for external approval and the resultant boost of good feelings it can bring can literally become like a drug, and once we’re hooked it’s tough to get free from it. We tend to want and need larger and larger doses of it to feel â€Å"whole,† and we lose the ability to feel contentment or fulfillment from within. Ultimately, this need for external approval is not a sustainable formula for happiness, and we’re left feeling rejected, exhausted, and alienated from our friends and family. And chances are, the people around us feel frustrated by our constant neediness.It isn’t difficult to imagine a scenario where an intense focus on seeking approval from others can blow up in our faces. Imagine being the person at work who’s always second-guessing himself or herself and asking people for their opinions on every single work task and project. Imagine sp ending way too much time obsessing about your outfits every morning, full of anxiety about what others will think? Imagine feeling the pressure of wondering how everything you say, every gesture and bit of body language will be received by those around you? It’s exhausting!There’s just no way that coworkers and colleagues will be able to keep up with your never-ending demands for approval, and the end result will be them getting frustrated and turned off by your neediness- and you’ll wind up feeling rejected and unhappy, which could even affect your work performance.This â€Å"backfire effect† from seeking the approval of others isn’t just a workplace phenomenon. It can negatively affect all aspects of your life, so it makes sense to take this seriously and try to end the vicious cycle.Get off the approval treadmill.Here’s the bottom line: if you spend a great deal of time and effort on seeking the approval of others, don’t beat yours elf up- it’s a natural human urge. But if it’s ultimately leaving you feeling rejected, use the following strategies to try and free yourself from the approval treadmill.Learn to find approval from within.Some people are naturally good at finding internal motivation and self-satisfaction, while others struggle. Which one best describes you? If you’re among the latter, that’s ok- it isn’t a terminal condition! Give yourself the power to approve of your life decisions and feel confident in your choices. After all, you’re the most important person in your life, so trust yourself and your opinions, and be good enough to yourself to realize that the only approval you really need is your own!Don’t try so hard.Here’s an interesting facet of human social interaction- most of us can tell when someone is trying too hard to get others to like him or her, and it’s usually a real turnoff and has the reverse effect. So, not only are y ou spending extra energy at trying too hard, it has the reverse effect of what you’re hoping for! People usually respond best to those who are genuine and true to themselves, and don’t seem desperate to receive the approval of others, so it’s worth giving a try.Be your best self.Not trying too hard does not mean not trying at all and giving up! We do want people to think well of us, we just don’t want to be insincere. We should always strive to be our best possible selves and to make good decisions with the feelings and needs of others taken into consideration. What’s the best part about this approach? When you share this great version of yourself with the world, that approval from others that you’re seeking will come naturally!Move on when it’s time.Here’s some more truth for you: not everyone that you encounter in life is going to like you (hard to believe, I know), and there are just some folks who’ll never provide th at approval that you’re seeking. When you encounter these people, be polite, but don’t beat yourself up or waste too much effort trying to constantly get their approval- it just isn’t going to happen. Cut your losses and move on- there’ll be plenty of people that you’ll come across in life who will like you for who you are and let you know it!End the rejection.It’s okay to admit that you’ve taken more than a few runs on the approval treadmill- we all have at one time or another, and though it’s more than likely that the experience left you feeling worse than you did before you started, you can now see that there are ways to get off of it and end the rejection. Good luck!

Free Essays on Creating A Class

Creating a Class The short stories â€Å" Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å" The Prodigal Son† have many similarities that put them in the same class. There are three similarities that stick out the most though in my mind. The main similarity is that they both deal with jealousy. Another similarity is that they are focused on family relationships, and finally they both involve only one parent two take care of more than one child. Jealousy is a key factor in both of these short stories. In the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† the younger daughter is jealous of her older sibling because of a few reasons; the older daughter is prettier, smarter, and has lived her life more fully. However, I feel that you can also see the older daughter as being jealous of how much closer the younger daughter is with the mother and how she is more aware of the family and the families past. In â€Å"The Prodigal Son† the older son is jealous of his younger brother because he feels that the younger brother should not have received half of the father’s assets and that the father should not have taken him back and showered him with gifts when he returns. The family and their relationships with each other also play big parts in both these stories. The relationship between the mother and the daughters in â€Å"everyday use† is a loving one just as in â€Å"the prodigal son† however in both cases siblings became jealous and this affects the relationship with the adult. The siblings in both stories feel neglected and unloved. Another issue in these stories is that there is only one adult in the house to look over the children. I feel that because there was only one parent around the burden on each parent was too much. I think that the parents felt too much pressure and did not have enough support to take care of the family they just did what they could. A similarity that wasn’t as important in these stories was that the children are alwa... Free Essays on Creating A Class Free Essays on Creating A Class Creating a Class The short stories â€Å" Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å" The Prodigal Son† have many similarities that put them in the same class. There are three similarities that stick out the most though in my mind. The main similarity is that they both deal with jealousy. Another similarity is that they are focused on family relationships, and finally they both involve only one parent two take care of more than one child. Jealousy is a key factor in both of these short stories. In the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† the younger daughter is jealous of her older sibling because of a few reasons; the older daughter is prettier, smarter, and has lived her life more fully. However, I feel that you can also see the older daughter as being jealous of how much closer the younger daughter is with the mother and how she is more aware of the family and the families past. In â€Å"The Prodigal Son† the older son is jealous of his younger brother because he feels that the younger brother should not have received half of the father’s assets and that the father should not have taken him back and showered him with gifts when he returns. The family and their relationships with each other also play big parts in both these stories. The relationship between the mother and the daughters in â€Å"everyday use† is a loving one just as in â€Å"the prodigal son† however in both cases siblings became jealous and this affects the relationship with the adult. The siblings in both stories feel neglected and unloved. Another issue in these stories is that there is only one adult in the house to look over the children. I feel that because there was only one parent around the burden on each parent was too much. I think that the parents felt too much pressure and did not have enough support to take care of the family they just did what they could. A similarity that wasn’t as important in these stories was that the children are alwa...

Drama Are We Addicted to It Hollywood Says Yes.

Drama Are We Addicted to It Hollywood Says Yes. The Untrue Story†¦ This weekend I watched The Big Sick, a movie based on a true story about a Pakistani comedian, Kumail Nanjiani, and his white girlfriend, Emily Gordon. Kumail and Emily’s real story is a truly great love story. They were dating for six months when Emily suddenly fell ill- six months in which Kumail did not tell his family about Emily, fearing they would disown him. Then, while Emily was in a medically induced coma, Kumail recognized the level of his love for Emily. Upon her awakening, he asked her to marry him. They were wed two months later, in a Pakistani wedding, despite his parents’ protests and â€Å"How could you do this to us?† attitude. This story seems good enough for Hollywood to me, but to create more drama, Kumail and Emily (the authors of the screenplay about their own lives) threw a huge breakup fight into the mix- the day before Emily was hospitalized. They also made up fights between Kumail and Emily’s parents, as well as a race-related incident at one of Kumail’s shows where Emily’s mother went to (verbal) battle with a heckler. Click here to read about the real story. Hollywood Drama Hollywood movies require drama, and extra drama is what writers Kumail and Emily delivered. To me, it made their story less believable. I would have preferred the true story. I started doing research on other movies â€Å"based on true stories.† Not surprisingly, fictionalized fights and arguments were often added in for dramatic effect. For example, in Only the Brave, the leader of the team did not really have an argument with his wife the night before the big fire that killed him. And he did not give any pushback when one of his team members- the one who ultimately survived- told him he wanted to move to a different team that would provide him more stability. He was supportive from the get-go. But the movie depicted two fights and their ultimate resolution. Click here for more about the true account. In Marshall, fights were likewise inserted for dramatic effect. The real-life nephew of the lawyer Sam Friedman has said â€Å"that the moment in the movie that is most ‘absurd’ is when Sam tells Thurgood Marshall that he cant afford to lose the case, to which Marshall responds twice, ‘F*** you, Sam Friedman.’† (Click to learn what really happened.) In real life, Marshall would never have said such a thing. Furthermore, Marshall did not come close to getting into a bar fight, and Friedman was never actually attacked for working on the case of Joseph Spell, as depicted in the movie. Addicted to Drama? I have more questions than answers about the embellishments made to these â€Å"true† stories. Are we as a society so addicted to drama that we need additional conflict on top of what already exists in the world? Would we really not go to see movies that were more even-keeled? Or might we find them refreshing? Do we like watching other people’s drama so we feel better about our own? Do we like it because we learn from the movies that conflict can be resolved and that there is good will available if we look for it in others and in ourselves? I understand that fights are part of life and relationships. I appreciate real life, and sometimes even fictionalized, examples of conflict and resolution. But I also appreciate truth, and I don’t like gratuitous drama any more than I like gratuitous violence. I wish that Hollywood would cut some of the unnecessary emotional wringers that writers put us through. I am also asking myself, â€Å"How much unnecessary drama have I created in my own life? Am I making my own true story more of a roller coaster than it has to be?† The holiday season is a good time to shed light on where we might be embellishing our own stories with no real positive effect. I wish for us all that we pick our fights wisely and fight not to break our relationships apart, but to make them stronger. Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinNovember 28, 2017 4 Comments Tara Imani says: November 28, 2017 at 12:37 pm Hi Brenda, Your post is truly enlightening as I assumed most true stories fights were not embellished. I wonder if Hollywood directors are the ones who are addicted to violence and abuse. The inserting of the word fxxx has escalated to epidemic proportions since 1986 or so. Thank you for shedding light on a serious problem. Movies can have a huge impact on people. If we get the idea that everyone is fighting and arguing and living in discord, it might influence us to do the same. This sounds lame but I think it happens. Before my dear mom passed unexpectedly after a surprise illness in 2015, she often kept her TV on the Hallmark channel. I joked she was living in a fairytale bubble, far away from CNN etc. In retrospect, I think she was doing the best thing. Happy Holidays, Tara Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: November 28, 2017 at 2:49 pm Im so glad my article made such an impact, Tara! I believe theres harm in the happily ever after stories too, which make us think our fights are not okay or that something is wrong if were fighting. My vote is for somewhere in between. This society is so affected by what we see over and over on the big screen! Log in to Reply Kathi Fuller says: November 29, 2017 at 8:34 pm I feel exactly the same way, Brenda. The one that really struck me was Hidden Figures, based on the true story of three African American female mathematicians who worked at NASA in the 1960s. It feels like a slap in the face to tell a woman like Katherine Johnson that her story isnt compelling enough at face value, that it must be embellished with scenes like her boss striding down the hallway surrounded by Katherine and her co-workers to smash the Whites Only bathroom sign when he found out that Katherine was running to another building a half-mile away several times a day to use the only colored restroom on the NASA campus. Its a great visual and a powerful piece of storytelling but it never happened. In reality, Katherine simply ignored the Whites Only sign at the closest ladies room to her office and used it anyway, hoping she wouldnt get caught and eventually and uneventfully the sign came down as culture change swept through NASA. The reality makes me love Katherine e ven more her determination and self-sufficiency in overcoming the obstacle on her own rather than relying on a white, male higher-up to solve her issue for her. Adding false drama where none was needed diminished the experience of that film for me. There is power in authenticity! Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: November 29, 2017 at 9:29 pm Thank you for sharing that, Kathi. Im going to go read up on the truth vs. fiction in that film now. I had assumed that was a true part of the story! Like there isnt enough to be appalled about regarding racial discrimination, we have to make things up? Log in to Reply

Personality Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personality Theories - Essay Example I have several close friends but there was this one, whom I considered the best. This friend of mine exemplifies being both an extrovert and agreeable person. She is the type of person who is very vociferous, never runs out of topic to talk about. She is quick on making short funny stories on every situation she is in, gifted with a good sense of humor. We always have a good laugh whenever she is around. She also does not mind being the cynosure. I also call her my personal guidance counselor for she always offer sound advises to my problems. She is willing to spend her time with her friends not minding the handful tasks that await her. I can see how she values friendship by being loyal to her friends and being sensitive to others emotions. When everybody is feeling down she remains optimistic, giving all of us hope. With her traits she can win as Ms Congeniality. I am only one of the many friends she has. There was this one incident that I will never forget. We had a 3 day vacation with our friends. All of us were eager to go home but when we arrived at the airport we were informed that our flight will be delayed for 2 hours. Everybody went berserk but my best friend remained calm. She took the effort of explaining that there must be a big reason why it happens, pointing out possible things that might happen if our flight would follow its original schedule considering the terrible weather outside and everybody listened to her. She then started telling hilarious stories about her work and personal experiences. To my surprise my friends took turns in sharing their funny stories. It was so entertaining that even the other people at the lounge were laughing. It looks like the lounge was converted into a gag show with my friend as the stand up comedian. Almost everybody was laughing listening to the side-splitting stories. Nobody then fretted for the delayed flight. After the long wait it was then announced that we are to board the plane in a few minutes. The passengers were even giggling as we boarded the plane. My friend was seated next to the middle-aged woman who was seated by the window. The woman next to her asked if they could exchange seats. I have known my friend for so long and I know that she also hates sitting by the window. Yet to my surprise, she agreed. The woman was now seated between us. My friend noticed that the woman's hands were shaking, somewhat quivering. She asked the woman if she was okay. The woman explained that it was her first time to board a plane on a bad weather and it made her nervous and a little bit scared. We then introduce ourselves and befriended her. The woman's name was Joise. Knowing my friend's abilities, she kept on talking just to entertain Joise and to ease away her fears. The trip was a little bit bumpy due to the weather condition, yet we remained relaxed for we had a very nice conversation. We talked about almost every thing and ended up with Joise's life story. I was already exhausted so I closed my eyes but I can still hear them talking. I was very amazed of my friend's willingness to listen since the topic had become so boring. This really showed her interest on people. I did not notice that I had fallen asleep already and was only awakened when the stewardess asked me to put on my seatbelt for we are about to land. The next thing I

Strategic marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic marketing management - Essay Example The profits before tax have been on an average of  £m 387 per year. The Earnings per Share have been on an average of 14.81p per share while the dividends per share have been 8p per share. According to Compass Group (2009 p 12), the company is usually focused on the outsourcing market in food services on contract basis. In combination to the food services, the company offers complementary products depending on consumer needs. It targets markets in the countries that have a promising future in terms of economic growth and market expansion. On the other hand, the marketing strategy narrows down to the financial sectors that have a great potential for marketing its products. According to the company’s estimates, the entire food services market hit the  £150 billion mark last year, with less than 50% food services being outsourced. The estimates further indicated that the annual growth of this market is 5% (High Beam Research 2001 p 6). This is an indicator of fast growth, which highlights the company’s prospects in the food services market. The company has adopted a positioning strategy which enables it to offer its services in different sectors and also sell its services worldwide. This is a major strategy that has been essential in terms of monitoring the changes occurring in the market whereby the upcoming opportunities are utilized maximally. On the other hand, the company has been able to establish partnerships with most of the consumers of its products. This partnership has been significant in the efforts to market its products since the partners allow the company to make use of their amenities for the purpose of offering services locally. This enables the management to target the consumers in the sense that services are offered depending on the local demand. This means that assumptions of the consumers needs by the management are minimal since they get a direct

Uzbekistan Insurance Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Uzbekistan Insurance Company - Case Study Example "However a person may also be interested in his former wife/husband where ties of affection and care continue to exist" 3 The fact that Vicky called Dave to set right the faulty wiring even after their divorce would prove that there existed cordial relationship between them signifying existence of insurable interest. However as a matter of abundant precaution, it is advised that confidential enquires must be made rule out the remote chances of Dave's intention to kill her in a seemingly accidental fire due to faulty wiring, before settling his claim. Secondly Dave's claim for the damage to the house due to the fire can not be entertained for the following reasons. The fire policy is a contract of indemnity unlike a life policy. In contract of indemnity, insurable interest must be present both at the time of conclusion of contract as well as at the time of occurrence of the insured event. In this case, because of the confirmed ownership of the house in Vicky's name and because of their divorce, Dave did not have insurable interest on Vicky's life. Further because his wiring was faulty and his negligence contributed to the loss and even if he had had insurable interest, he is not eligible for claim on the damage to the house. The second case is regarding Brian who dies while surfing apparently due to drowning confirmed by the presence of water in the lungs in post mortem. The fact that he over-exerted himself while jogging can be attributed as a contributory negligence and hence the claim of his lawyers for 20, 000 need not be settled provided there are provisions in the personal accident policy to that effect."An injured person's failure to exercise due care, which along... Uzbekistan Insurance Company Three questions arise for considering the claims of Dave: 1) Whether he has insurable interest on Vicky’s life even after their divorce 2) Whether death of Vicky was caused by his evil design under the pretext of accidental fire and 3) Whether he has insurable interest on the house and whether his negligence in wiring disqualifies him from making the claim. The second case of Brian need not be settled because of his contributory negligence though his lawyers can claim for relief due to comparative negligence. The third case of Heather's death due to hospital's ineffective cleaning though she had been admitted due to allergy which she had not disclosed in the proposal, her husband's can be settled at higher premium rate with proportionately reduced sum assured since it would be too harsh to reject the claim on two counts. One even if she had stated the allergic condition, only higher premium would have applied and two, the death was not due to allergy. The second case is regarding Brian who dies while surfing apparently due to drowning confirmed by the presence of water in the lungs in post mortem. The fact that he over-exerted himself while jogging can be attributed as a contributory negligence and hence the claim of his lawyers for â‚ ¤ 20, 000 need not be settled provided there are provisions in the personal accident policy to that effect.†An injured person's failure to exercise due care, which along with another person's (the defendant's) negligence, contributed to the injury.

Mental Health and Illness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mental Health and Illness - Assignment Example According to (Coreil, 2010), there are five levels of determinants influencing access to and uptake of health care services. These include intrapersonal factors, interpersonal ones, organisational issues, the community and society. Community level factors include the environment, availability of public facilities, socio-economic, class and issues of ethnicity. They affect the way a particular community is able to access health services e.g. mental health. The society on the other hand influences health outcomes through policy, ethos of the nation, infrastructural considerations, cultural value systems, educational achievements and economics. There are macro-level factors and therefore affect healthcare access at the national level. Intrapersonal level determinants of health include personality, heredity, and cognition. Heredity can predispose individuals to mental health while personality and cognition affect their decisions on health issues. An individual’s home, family background and peer group influence comprise make interpersonal health determinants. Interpersonal level factors may influence ones perception of mental health and hence influence access. The organisational issues are schooling, membership to civic groups and factors to do with healthcare organisations. Presence of healthcare organisations for instance increase chances of access to services while membership to civic organisations increase ones information about available healthcare services. In my opinion the most important factors that will influence achievement of the HP2020 objective of increasing access to health care the societal level determinants of health. This is policies are formulated at this level as well as the funding for such noble objectives. Cultural values systems and infrastructural considerations all of which fall under the society level factors influencing health are also important in determining access to

Saponification of Triglycerides Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Saponification of Triglycerides - Lab Report Example In this process the triglyceride is reacted with a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts (Whitten et al., 2007). The saponification of glyceryl tristearate is illustrated in Figure 1. The commonest soaps are the fatty-acid salts of sodium and potassium. Hard soaps are sodium salts while soft soaps are potassium salts. The fatty-acid salts of ammonium are also sometimes used for cleansing. Only a few other soaps are of practical importance, for example lead soaps which are used in medicinal plasters, zinc soaps which are used in ointments, and aluminum soaps which are used in waterproofing. Very few of the salts of fatty acids have the properties of common soap. Most of them are but slightly soluble in water, and therefore do not yield suds and have little or no detergent (i.e., cleansing) action. All are nevertheless termed soaps by chemists (Lewkowitsch, 1904). The saponification number (S) is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to convert one gram of the fat completely into glycerine and potassium soap. It gives information concerning the character of the fatty acids of the fat and in particular concerning the solubility of their soaps in water. Table 1 lists the saponification number of the common fats and oils. Table 1 shows that butter ranks with palm kernel oil and coconut oil as having a very high saponification number. ... Mutton tallow 192 - 195.5 Menhaden oil 190.6 Peanut oil (arachis) 190 - 196 Corn oil 188 - 193 Horse oil 195 - 197 Olive oil 185 - 196 Beef tallow 193.2 - 200 Soy bean oil 193 Palm oil 196 - 205 Cacao butter 193.55 Butter 220 - 233 Linseed oil 192 - 195 Palm kernel oil 242 - 250 Cottonseed oil 193 - 195 Coconut oil 246 - 260 Lard 195.4 (Lewkowitsch, 1904: 400) Table 1 shows that butter ranks with palm kernel oil and coconut oil as having a very high saponification number. This is due to the fact that its triglycerides contain appreciable quantities of fatty acids (myristic acid and small quantities of lauric acid) which when they form soap combine with relatively more sodium or potassium than the more common acids of fats. These acids occur in undecomposed butter in chemical combination as triglycerides. Their sodium or potassium soaps are quite soluble in water. The high saponification number of coconut oil and palm kernel oil is due to the large proportion of fatty acids (lauric acid and myristic acid) that they contain. In this laboratory exercise, saponification as the hydrolysis in basic solution of fats and oils to produce glycerol and salts of fatty acids, and determination of saponification number of sample fat and oil were evaluated. II. Method Triglyceride (2 g) was accurately weighed and was placed in a dry round bottom flask. The prepared ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution (50 cm3) was added to the flask using a pipette. Few anti bumping granules were added to the stirring solution. After setting up the reflux condenser, the solution was boiled for at least 30 minutes. A blank experiment with identical volume as the sample solution was also carried out. After refluxing, the solution was allowed to cool. After cooling, a few drops of

Mental Health and Illness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mental Health and Illness - Assignment Example According to (Coreil, 2010), there are five levels of determinants influencing access to and uptake of health care services. These include intrapersonal factors, interpersonal ones, organisational issues, the community and society. Community level factors include the environment, availability of public facilities, socio-economic, class and issues of ethnicity. They affect the way a particular community is able to access health services e.g. mental health. The society on the other hand influences health outcomes through policy, ethos of the nation, infrastructural considerations, cultural value systems, educational achievements and economics. There are macro-level factors and therefore affect healthcare access at the national level. Intrapersonal level determinants of health include personality, heredity, and cognition. Heredity can predispose individuals to mental health while personality and cognition affect their decisions on health issues. An individual’s home, family background and peer group influence comprise make interpersonal health determinants. Interpersonal level factors may influence ones perception of mental health and hence influence access. The organisational issues are schooling, membership to civic groups and factors to do with healthcare organisations. Presence of healthcare organisations for instance increase chances of access to services while membership to civic organisations increase ones information about available healthcare services. In my opinion the most important factors that will influence achievement of the HP2020 objective of increasing access to health care the societal level determinants of health. This is policies are formulated at this level as well as the funding for such noble objectives. Cultural values systems and infrastructural considerations all of which fall under the society level factors influencing health are also important in determining access to

Paper discussing how Langston Hughes' poetry provides a critique of Essay

Paper discussing how Langston Hughes' poetry provides a critique of relations between blacks and whites in the U.S. Based on poems I will upload - Essay Example In his essay, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," Hughes presents his views about writers and poets’ loss of racial pride stating that "no great poet has ever been afraid of being himself" (http://www.poemhunter.com/langston-hughes/biography). He continues to declare: There is an obvious distinction and a distance between the blacks and the whites in the poems of Hughes. For instance, in â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† (Meyer, 2002, p. 912), the persona speaks of his racial pride as part of humanity This significance to humanity and civilization is also reflected in â€Å"Negro† (p. 916). The very title itself is a proud affirmation of the persona’s dark skin. Stanzas 2-5 speak of the blacks as slave, worker, singer, and victim. As a slave, the black works for the whites in base positions as cleaner of the steps and boots. These are two terms that imply very low and humbling tasks. As a worker, he tells with pride that great structures and buildings could only be erected because of the blacks. As, a singer, he is allowed to voice out and express his misery. Finally, as a victim, he shows how he is tortured and killed by the whites. â€Å"Danse Africaine† (p. 917) talks of the rhythm of the beating of the tom-toms and the dancing of a veiled girl. This speaks of the African culture. Upon hearing the beat and the rhythm, the true blood of the blacks is stirred (lines 5 and 15). This stirring may speak of an awakening to get into action whether to fight or stand up for some important thing. This stirring may be alarming if the whites stay off-guard. Further, this may imply that too much discrimination may result to revolt. These lines imply being able to freely express one’s self in the open (â€Å"In the face of the sun†). This further illustrates how the blacks are hidden in the dark or are marginalized. Moreover, there is a positive description of the blacks in the following lines: Another

Political films Essay Example for Free

Political films Essay The research paper â€Å"The Timing of Presidential Cinema† discusses and analyzes social meaning of political films. Little research is done in this filed, although many films contain political and economic meaning. Interestingly, the release of presidential cinema is associated with the controlling party and with the ideology that the party has in the White House. Republican and Democratic administrations are characterized by the largest amount of political films. Moreover, more films are released during the second presidential term. Releases are more acute during presidential elections. The stronger the economies, the more films about presidents are released. The article â€Å"Quantitative analysis of Motion Picture Content† tends to measure the influence of films on American population. In particular, the emphasis is paid to providing an instrument to measure with scientific precision the content of each film. The cinema has long been accepted and the author argues that more than fifty million of American moviegoers are influenced by desire to seek entertainment when going to the cinema. Therefore, motion picture has become a profound influence on people and it is rather difficult to measure those influence. The role of Hollywood films in American society has not been yet questioned as researchers lack methods to summarize and analyze what the public is presented. The article â€Å"The Image of the Scientist in Science Fiction: A Content Analysis† reviews the social role of the scientists which is conveyed through the cinema. Scientists has undergone both criticism and appraisal, they has been presented as heroes and villains science-fiction magazines, stories and films. Of course, many scientists have been negligible. The social role of the scientist is addressed in terms of saving humanity, but after World War II such measurement has become problematic. Science fiction, therefore, is claimed to serve as vehicle to construct social utopias and to dethrone them. The article is of practical relevance as the USA experience shortage of scientists and engineers.

Doing Business Across Culture and Boundaries

Doing Business Across Culture and Boundaries 1.0. INTRODUCTION Almost every country in the world, among other things governments are the centre of taking in to accounts macroeconomic conditions. By doing so the country will in turn into economic wellbeing and giving more opportunities to the citizens. As far as daily money-making activities are concerned, laws, rules and institutional measures are given attention. These measures can be applied through the small as well medium sized companies in the course of their life circle. Until very recently, however, there were no globally available indicator sets for monitoring these microeconomic factors and analyzing their relevance (The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2008). As also acknowledged in The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2008, doing businessand the standard cost model initially developed and applied in the Netherlands are, for the present, the only standard tools used across a broad range of jurisdictions to me asure the impact of government rule-making on business activity. Therefore the government can be benefited on business but the most important thing taking into account in achieving specified target, its environment must be improved. 1.1. FEATURES OF DOING BUSINESS As far as small as well as medium size enterprises are concerned, in doing business either domestic or abroad, some features are appropriate in both. These features which grant a quantitative measures of regulations including for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, employing workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and closing a business. In addition to that a fundamental premise of Doing Business is that economic activity requires good rules. These include rules that establish and clarify property rights and reduce the costs of resolving disputes, rules that increase the predictability of economic interactions and rules that provide contractual partners with core protections against abuse. While these regulations always intended to be efficient in such a way that, it will be very easy in the implementation as well accessible for those who need to use them. However rules and regulations are differing from one country to another. Such that for those countries having burdensome regulation resulted to have large number of informal sectors and unemployment, as well as economic slowdown. From this stand many countries recently have smooth business start-up. Taking the example from Azerbaijan from the graph below, in 2004 introduce the maximum time for the registration procedure and it took 122 days for starting business. As far as time goes on, in 2007 and 2008 government set up a one-stop shop. This resulted to reduce the time by 87% for registration up to 16 days. In addition to that easier set up business mostly can encourage not only higher output among the existing firms in the market but also increase the per capital income. Alternatively as of the case in the figure below the by reducing entry cost will lower the output production of the firm. This may due to the fact that many firms are encouraged to enter in to that particular market. Thus it seems that the prices of goods reduced, and finally per capita were goes down from 14.4% in 2004 and 3.2% in 2008. In view of that, doing business does not measure all aspects of the business environment that matter to firms or investors—or all factors that affect competitiveness. It does not, for example, measure security, macroeconomic stability, and corruption, labor skills of the population, the underlying strength of institutions or the quality of infrastructure. Nor does it focus on regulations specific to foreign investment. Doing Business does not cover all regulations, or all regulatory goals, in any economy. As economies and technology advance, more areas of economic activity are being regulated (The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2008). 2.0. REASONS FOR ENTERPRISES GOING GLOBAL The majority of enterprises try to move and doing their businesses to outside countries by going global for the different reasons. At the same time in order to remain to the lead in the competitions, mass of the enterprises usually implement both reactive and defensive approach so as to increase their competitions strength. While others few take either reactive or defensive in achieve the same functions. From these reasons the enterprises usually move faster as possible to safe and sound a tough position in either developed or rising markets with their goods adapted specifically for the customer demand of those particular markets. However nearly all global markets are drawing enterprises together with new assets or resource investments with good encouragements. Among of the reactive or defensive reasons for doing business globally first trade barriers; because of the burden for the restrictions such as tariffs, quotas, policy of by-local and others that create manufacturing and exporting of goods too expensive, encourage many enterprises move from exporting their goods in a foreign country so as to avoid such troubles. Second, customer demands; based on customers demand, enterprises follow this opportunity for effective operations, product assurance and reliability, as well as logistical problem solutions. This will in turn to the most of the customers ask for foreign suppliers to stay and supply in a local market in order to enhance the flow of the production. On the other side enterprises follow that request to both catch-up and avoid losing the business. Third, globalization of the competitors; in this aspects companies are aware that if they leave companies overseas too long without challenge or competition, their investments or foreign operations in the world market may be so solid that competition will be difficult. Therefore, they try to act quickly. Lastly, regulations and restrictions; most companies home government may have regulations and restrictions that are so inconvenient and expensive, thus limiting the expansion, encroaching in the companies profits, and making their costs uncontrollable. Hence the reason for the companies moving to different market environment with few foreign restrictive operations. Apart from above reactive or defensive reasons, other proactive or aggressive reasons including growth opportunities, economies of scale, incentives and resource assess and cost savings. 3.0. CHALLENGES IN DOING BUSINESS Because of the globalization nowadays many things become easier and the world is so much busy. Such that, it takes a few hours travel away by plane and for example the factories shipping materials from one place to another around the globe. Which promote the production and the relationship also is increased more widely. So far the business is developing so fast, while the market is growing internationally and it reached the point where all businesses are as a global business, particularly if we consider the amount of goods coming from different corners of the world. Among other things in generally, the complex and difficult thing in dealing and manage the business globally is that, looking for the right person who fit with the right skills. This is because, things like strategic orientation, customer focus and market knowledge is very hard task in dealing with business. Situation like this for instance Mr Rick Wang, the managing director of Retail Co Inc., the master franchisee for the Athletes Foot in China, faced when he was the first move in opening the first store on the Huaihai Road in Shanghai during the year of 1998. While team leadership, change the leadership and staff development are the simplest issues. Therefore experience, IQ and EQ are three element capabilities in business; low EQ is the most impact determiner of collapse. But many people are hired according to their IQ and simply excited as the case of EQ (emotional intelligence). Here again, doing business as well as dealing with people and even market outside your border which almost in connect with risks, is something very complicated and it needs to learn some lessons to avoid them. According to http://smallbusiness.dnb.com/sales/international-trade/740-1.html, there are various techniques that can help business persons in reducing certain number of risks in doing business globally which include: Do plenty of homework. You should learn your target country ´s credit and accounting practices, cultural nuances and export restrictions. Treat all suppliers the same. Take the same disciplined approach to bargaining with foreign merchants as you do with domestic suppliers. Resist goods you don ´t want and keep from being overcharged for items you like. Deal in goods within your own specialty and know your bottom line — the highest amount you can afford to pay and the lowest price you can reasonably accept. Hire a freight forwarder. Using a freight forwarder to handle packing and customs-clearing paperwork will reduce shipping costs. Purchase insurance. Generally speaking, the importer and purchaser take legal possession of the goods when they leave the factory, whether or not they actually arrive. Most small importers or exporters buy all risk insurance, and many smaller dealers buy insurance from the freight forwarders or shippers. Indeed, there are not only motives to get into and benefits from global markets, but also risks drown in locating companies in certain countries. Each country may have its potentials and woes that are associated with doing business. Where also in acknowledge to http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Sidney_Okolo some of the risks in international business are: Strategic Risk: The ability of a firm to make a strategic decision in order to respond to the forces that are a source of risk which impact the competiveness of a firm like bargaining power of suppliers and consumers. Operational Risk: This is caused by the assets and financial capital that aid in the day-to-day business operations. Such as breakdown of machineries, shortfall of the goods and services, lack of perfect logistic and inventory will lead to inefficiency of production. Political Risk: The political actions and instability as well things like governments policies, economic conditions, security factors, may make it difficult for companies to operate efficiently and cannot effectively operate to its full capacity in order to maximize profit. Technological Risk: Lack of security in electronic transactions, the cost of developing new technology, and the fact that these new technology may fail, and when all of these are coupled with the outdated existing technology, the result may create a dangerous effect in doing business in the international arena. Environmental Risk: Air, water, and environmental pollution may affect the health of the citizens, and lead to public outcry of the citizens. These problems may also lead to damaging the reputation of the companies that do business in that area. Economic Risk: This comes from the inability of a country to meet its financial obligations. The changing of foreign-investment or/and domestic fiscal or monetary policies. The effect of exchange-rate and interest rate make it difficult to conduct international business. Financial Risk: This area is affected by the currency exchange rate, government flexibility in allowing the firms to repatriate profits or funds outside the country. The devaluation and inflation will also impact the firms ability to operate at an efficient capacity and still be stable. 4.0. MINIMIZING CHALLENGES IN DOING BUSINESS ACROSS CUTURE AND BOUNDARIES What manager should do? Good management skills and negotiating capabilities are the most important things when dealing with business across culture and boundaries. Countries are differing in cultures, beliefs and rituals which can create difficulties. Therefore managers need to learn those differences one by one in order to conduct a successful negotiation efficiently and effectively for the sake of profit making among them are: Cross-cultural negotiations require careful preparation in order to stay ahead and take advantage of the other party. To avoid problems, managers need to be aware of the issues like cultural differences, language, beliefs, behaviors, family environment, differences in time, work habits, and religion. Different regions have different negotiating styles. So, when managers familiarize themselves with these important negotiating tactics, they may understand the negotiating styles of their counterparts. Also building relationships; managers should look for strategic partners not only are familiar with cultures, behaviors, and languages but also can trust, respect, and be comfortable working with. Shared information; a focus group of businessmen and women is recommended in order to discuss the issues that matter to each party. In this capacity, playing role reversal prior to attending the session is recommended. Usually, questions are asked by both parties to address their concerns, the issues that matter to them, and answers are provided by both parties in response to those issues and concerns. In capitalist countries, such as the United States of America, companies use direct approach in negotiations, while in other countries, an indirect approach is used (http://ezinearticles.com/?Doing-Business-Across-Cultures-and-Bordersid=1148192). Therefore in order to be successful Companies should learn how to adapt to each environment. 5.0. CONCLUSION Part of the business growth is exporting goods to abroad, even if it can create a number of challenges. Indeed the company should first find the help from expert who understand the set of laws of export and import as well as shipping methods and regulations in foreign countries. On the other hand means for goods transportation, best shipping rates, examine the necessary documents from foreign destinations are necessary. However on a certain situation, the benefits can exceed the risks. Therefore, companies should take an assessment for that risk in each country together with intellectual property, human resource and ownership restrictions before undertaking in to any of the countries. References http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/articlepdf/1067.pdf?CFID=12268397CFTOKEN=33278808jsessionid=a8308ad6936126c2ccc6777c1f285d5a7a41 http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Sidney_Okolo http://smallbusiness.dnb.com/sales/international-trade/740-1.html http://ezinearticles.com/?Doing-Business-Across-Cultures-and-Bordersid=1148192

The Business Model Essay -- Business Management Essays

The Business Model Michael Lewis (2000: pages 256-257) scoffed at the whole attempt to formalize the definition of business models when he wrote that â€Å" â€Å"Business Model† is one of those terms of art that were central to the Internet boom: it glorifies all manner of half baked plans. All it really meant was how you planned to make money.† In an abstract of his paper â€Å"A Mesoscopic Approach to Business Models: Nano Research on Management† published in â€Å"Economic Issues in China† Dr. Junyi Weng stated that â€Å"Business Model, a well known important and extensively used term by media, management consultancy and business top managers, is just in an embarrassment that there is no consensus about its definition and few papers in academic periodicals.† He designed and discusses his conception of business models based interfaces interacting in interior and exterior business environments. Peter Weill, Thomas W. Malone, Victoria T. D’Urso, George Herman and Stephanie Woerner of MIT in their paper â€Å"Do Some Business Models Perform Better than others?: A Study of the 1000 Largest US Firms† agree that the concept of business models is while widely discussed is seldom systematically discussed. The paper then proceeds to postulate a conceptual framework for comprehensively classifying business models. These consist of four basic types of business models (Creator, Landlord, Distributor and Broker), which are each broken down into four variants accordance with type of assets they deal in (physical, financial, intangible and human). Thus giving rise to 16 specialised business Model types.† Professor Michael Rappa like many others prefer to present a comprehensive and cogent taxonomy of basic categories as observed on the web as follows: Brokerage Advertising Infomediary Merchant Manufacturer (Direct) Affiliate Community Subscription Utility He however, does not believe that these are exhaustive and expects new and interesting variations in the future. KMLab Inc. offers an interesting definition: â€Å"a Business model is a description of how your company intends to create value in the market place. It includes that unique combination of products, services, image and distribution that your company carries forward. It also includes the underlying organization of people and the operational infrastructure that they use to accomplish their work. In some ways... ...rocesses such as inventory management etc. Maybelline a company founded in 1915 is one of the largest selling color cosmetics line in the United States. Its sells through outlets of almost every major mass-market retailer, such as supermarkets, drugstores, discount stores and cosmetics specialty stores. Its products are also available in over 70 countries worldwide. Maybelline uses a traditional model in its sales distribution network, which is the use of sales representatives to canvass for business and to arrange for sales. The use of sales representatives who are employees makes this a Business-to-Employee-to-Business interface model. In the 1990s the company a traditional â€Å"mortar† company re-invents itself a click and mortar company through the use of ICTs. However, one innovation to the sales representative concept is Maybelline’s use of its representatives as market intelligence reporters, who actually serve as the eyes of the company to monitor the progress of its products and the way they are handled by the retailers as well as progress of competitors’ products. This is the trading/sales structure of the company, which cannot be said to be a new business model.

Classification Essay - Good Books and Great Books -- Classification Es

The Difference Between Good Books and Great Books Reading is fundamental, but some books are more so than others. Surely Daniel Steele is a far cry from William Shakespeare, but what exactly is the difference? Even in the realm of quality literature there are still "good" books and "great" books. The difference between the importance of good and great books is also why it is so important to read great literature: Great books have a scope much larger than good ones. Good and great books differ by nature, not by degree. A good book is not almost a great one; a great book is a totally different creature than a good book. What makes them different is how much they pertain to the human experience. A good book may have one very important meaning, but it is a meaning that only pertains to the time in which it was written. Across the river though, a great book has many meanings. Great books also involve deeper issues, issues that are and always were part of the human experience. A good book only needs to be read once, but to realize all the different meanings of...

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Going back to the previous stages of Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of Development I have been, I think I have been fixated at my Latency Stage during my elementary years because I was not that free to explore things on my own. I do not mix up with my other grade school friends back then that much. I didn’t even play basketball with my nearby neighbors that’s why until now, I do not know how to play basketball. I and my siblings used to stay at home all day, all night even our parents were not around. We are not allowed to go out of the neighborhood just to roam around and talk around. Maybe this is the reason why I do not know how to socialize totally with other people, keeps me of not being hooked up with some of naughty things and vices. And gets me out of danger and trouble in the way. I think I am a well-rounded person already, regardless of being my unsociable behavior wherein I can’t and I don’t easily get involved nor caught up with the jests of my friend and when it’s my turn, they always find me corny and some sort of out-of-the-world guy. But then, I still thank my parents for raising me up like this. In such a way that it’s only me and my family can understand each other. It’s quite selfish though, but I like it that way.

Doctrine of Repugnance

From time immemorial, legislative bodies have been enacting laws all over the world. With the enactment of laws by different legislative bodies all over the world, conflict of laws is an unavoidable issue. However, in this article I will mainly be focusing on the conflict of laws with regard to India. In India, there are three wings of the Government, namely, The Legislature, The Judiciary and the Executive. The legislature has the law making powers for the entire country. The legislature is further divided into the Centre and the State. Doctrine of Repugnancy deals with the conflict of laws between the State and the Centre. Part XI of the Indian Constitution describes the legislative relations between the States and the Centre. The legislative field of the Parliament and the State Legislatures has been specified in Article 246 of the Constitution whereas Article 254 of the Indian Constitution describes the mechanism for resolution of conflict between the Central and the State legislations enacted with respect to any matter enumerated in List III of the Seventh Schedule. Various judicial pronouncements have declared the pre-conditions for the application of the doctrine of repugnancy. In the case of M. Karunanidhi v. Union of India, the Constitutional Bench laid down the tests for the application of the Doctrine of Repugnancy, which is as follows: â€Å"1. That in order to decide the question of repugnancy it must be shown that the two enactments contain inconsistent and irreconcilable provisions, so that they cannot stand together or operate in the same field. 2. That there can be no repeal by implication unless the inconsistency appears on the face of the two statutes. . That where the two statutes occupy a particular field, but there is room or possibility of both the statutes operating in the same field without coming into collision with each other, no repugnancy results. 4. That where there is no inconsistency but a statute occupying the same field seeks to create distinct and separate offences, no question of repugnancy arises and both the statutes continue to operate in the same field. † In National Engineering Industries Ltd. Vs. Shri Kishan, the Supreme Court observed : In order that a question of repugnancy may be arise, two conditions must be fulfilled, namely that the State Law and the Laws of the Union must operate the name field and one must be repugnant or inconsistent with the other. † From the plain reading of the Articles 246 and 254 it is clear that in case of a conflict between the Union laws and State laws, it is the Union law which shall prevail if it is made within an entry of List III of the Constitution. In such a scenario if any provision of a State-made law is in conflict with the Parliament–made law under such circumstance the State-made law is declared void to the extent of repugnancy. However, this general rule is subject to Clause (2) of Article 254 of the Indian Constitution. The Clause (2) of the said Article says that that the State law will become void to the extent of repugnancy unless the State law has been reserved for the assent of the President. If the Preseident grants his assent to the said state law, then the Union law, to the extent of its repugnancy will become void in that state. However, this does not curtail the power of the Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a Law adding to amending varying or repealing the law so made by the legislature of the State. Thus, what is visible to us by analyzing the various judicial pronouncements and by going through the Constitution is that both the Centre and the State have supreme powers with regard to enacting the laws for their respective domains but in the presence of a conflict, it is the Centre-made laws which shall prevail in most cases. The Supreme Court in Zameer Ahmed Latifur Rehman Sheikh Vs. State of Maharashtra has examined the law relating to the Doctrine of Repugnancy. In essence, Part XI of the Indian Constitution describes the legislative relations between the States and the Centre. Further, Article 254 establishes the doctrine of Repugnancy which acts as a safeguard to solve disputes arising between the states and the Union. The term ‘Repugnancy’ means inconsistency between the State-made law and the Union-made law. The relevant extracts from the judgment are reproduced hereunder; 46. Before we proceed to analyze the said aspect, it would be appropriate to understand the situations in which repugnancy would arise. 47. Chapter I of Part XI of the Constitution deals with the subject of distribution of legislative powers of the Parliament and the legislature of the States. Article 245 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament may make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India, and the legislature of a State may make laws for the whole or any part of the State. 48. The legislative field of the Parliament and the State Legislatures has been specified in Article 246 of the Constitution. Article 246, reads as follows: – 49. We may now refer to the judgment of this Court in M. Karunanidhi v. Union of India, [(1979) 3 SCC 431], which is one of the most authoritative judgments on the present issue. In the said case, the principles to be applied for determining repugnancy between a law made by the Parliament and a law made by the State Legislature were considered by a Constitution Bench of this Court. At para 8, this Court held that repugnancy may result from the following circumstances: â€Å"1. Where the provisions of a Central Act and a State Act in the Concurrent List are fully inconsistent and are absolutely irreconcilable, the Central Act will prevail and the State Act will become void in view of the repugnancy. Where however a law passed by the State comes into collision with a law passed by Parliament on an Entry in the Concurrent List, the State Act shall prevail to the extent of the repugnancy and the provisions of the Central Act would become void provided the State Act has been passed in accordance with clause (2) of Article 254. 3. Where a law passed by the State Legislature while being substantially within the scope of the entries in the State List entrenches upon any of the Entries in he Central List the constitutionality of the law may be upheld by invoking the doctrine of pith and substance if on an analysis of the provisions of the Act it appears that by and large the law falls within the four corners of the State List and entrenchment, if any, is purely incidental or inconsequential. 4. Where, however, a law made by the State Legislature on a subject covered by the Concurrent List is inconsistent with and repugnant to a previous law made by Parliament, then such a law can be pro tected by obtaining the assent of the President under Article 254(2) of the Constitution. The result of obtaining the assent of the President would be that so far as the State Act is concerned, it will prevail in the State and overrule the provisions of the Central Act in their applicability to the State only. Such a state of affairs will exist only until Parliament may at any time make a law adding to, or amending, varying or repealing the law made by the State Legislature under the proviso to Article 254. † In para 24, this Court further laid down the conditions which must be satisfied before any repugnancy could arise, the said conditions are as follows:- â€Å"1. That there is a clear and direct inconsistency between the Central Act and the State Act. 2. That such an inconsistency is absolutely irreconcilable. 3. That the inconsistency between the provisions of the two Acts is of such nature as to bring the two Acts into direct collision with each other and a situation is reached where it is impossible to obey the one without disobeying the other. † Thereafter, this Court after referring to the catena of judgments on the subject, in para 38, laid down following propositions:- 1. That in order to decide the question of repugnancy it must be shown that the two enactments contain inconsistent and irreconcilable provisions, so that they cannot stand together or operate in the same field. 2. That there can be no repeal by implication unless the inconsistency appears on the face of the two statutes. 3. That where the two statutes occupy a particular field, but there is room or possibility of both the statutes operating in the same field without coming into collision with each other, no repugnancy results. 4. That where there is no inconsistency but a statute occupying the same field seeks to create distinct and separate offences, no question of repugnancy arises and both the statutes continue to operate in the same field. † 50. In Govt. of A. P. v. J. B. Educational Society, [(2005) 3 SCC 212], this Court while discussing the scope of Articles 246 and 254 and considering the proposition laid down by this Court in M. Karunanidhi case (supra) with respect to the situations in which repugnancy would arise, in para 9, held as follows:- â€Å"9. Parliament has exclusive power to legislate with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List I, notwithstanding anything contained in clauses (2) and (3) of Article 246. The non obstante clause under Article 246(1) indicates the predominance or supremacy of the law made by the Union Legislature in the event of an overlap of the law made by Parliament with respect to a matter enumerated in List I and a law made by the State Legislature w ith respect to a matter enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule. 10. There is no doubt that both Parliament and the State Legislature are supreme in their respective assigned fields. It is the duty of the court to interpret the legislations made by Parliament and the State Legislature in such a manner as to avoid any conflict. However, if the conflict is unavoidable, and the two enactments are irreconcilable, then by the force of the non obstante clause in clause (1) of Article 246, the parliamentary legislation would prevail notwithstanding the exclusive power of the State Legislature to make a law with respect to a matter enumerated in the State List. 11. With respect to matters enumerated in List III (Concurrent List), both Parliament and the State Legislature have equal competence to legislate. Here again, the courts are charged with the duty of interpreting the enactments of Parliament and the State Legislature in such manner as to avoid a conflict. If the conflict becomes unavoidable, then Article 245 indicates the manner of resolution of such a conflict. Thereafter, this Court, in para 12, held that the question of repugnancy between the parliamentary legislation and the State legislation could arise in following two ways:- â€Å"12. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ First, where the legislations, though enacted with respect to matters in their allotted sphere, overlap and conflict. Second, where the two legislations are with respect to matters in the Concurrent List and there is a conflict. In both the situations, parliamentary legislation will predominate, in the first, by virtue of the non obstante clause in Article 246(1), in the second, by reason of Article 254(1). Clause (2) of Article 254 deals with a situation where the State legislation having been reserved and having obtained President's assent, prevails in that State; this again is subject to the proviso that Parliament can again bring a legislation to override even such State legislation. 51. In National Engg. Industries Ltd. v. Shri Kishan Bhageria [(1988) Supp SCC 82], Sabyasachi Mukharji, J. , opined that the best test of repugnancy is that if one prevails, the other cannot prevail. Case Study – Vijay Kumar Sharma V State Of Karnataka (Air 1990 Sc 2072) by Sayontika Das Part XI of the Indian Constitution describes the legislative relations between the States and the Centre. Article 254 to establish the doctrine of Repugnancy is one of the laws laid down under the Indian Constitution as a safeguard to solve disputes arising between the states and the Union. Repugnancy’ is meant to express ‘conflict’, whereby there is an expressed inconsistency between the State-made law and the Union-made law. Case details:Bench Majority opined- Mishra Rangnath, Sawant P. B and desenting view Ramaswamy. K. Relevant statutory provisions (i) Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) Act (21 of 1976); s. 14 & s. 20; (ii) Motor Vehicles Act 1988; s. 74 & s. 80(2); and (iii) The doctrine of Repugnancy: Article 254 of the Indian Constitution. Reference cases (i) Ch. Tika Ramji v. State of Uttar Pradesh (AIR 1956 SC 676) ; (ii) Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. State of Bihar (AIR 1983 SC 1019). Case Study: The doctrine deals with List (III) schedule (VII) which declares both the Union and State legislatures competent to legislate. However in case of conflict between the laws, the Union law will prevail if it is made within an entry of List (III), irrespective of whether it the Union law is made by before or after the State Legislature. According to Article 254 (1) an overriding effect is provided to the provisions of a Parliament-made law which the Parliament is competent to enact or in with respect to any matter as enumerated in the List III of Schedule VII. In such a scenario if any provision of a State-made law is in conflict with the Parliament–made law under such circumstance the State-made law is declared void to the extent of repugnancy. Under List III named as the Concurrent List in Schedule VII of the Indian Constitution both the Union and State Legislatures are competent to make laws on any of the entries mentioned therein. However they are subject to Clause (2) of Article 254 only in case, there is no conflict between the provisions of the said State-made law and a Central Act on the subject. However in case there is a repugnancy in question of a State law and Union law enumerated on one of the subjects of List III, the State law must yield to the Union law unless it has already been reserved for the assent of the President and has duly received so under Article 254 (2). The question of repugnancy therefore rightfully arises when there is a direct conflict between the provisions of the State law and the Union law on the same occupied field. Laws are said to be repugnant ideally when they get involved into taking responsibility for obedience to a higher authority. Simultaneously however certain inconsistent enactments to each of these laws may sometimes be possible without disobeying the other. Thus a suitable instance for repugnancy arises only when legislation falling in List III, the Concurrent List can be cured by resorting to Article 254 (2). The question of repugnancy under Article 254 arises when the provisions of both laws are fully inconsistent or are absolutely irreconcilable and it is impossible to obey without disobeying the other, or conflicting results are produced when both the statutes covering the same field are applied to a given set of facts.

Financial Management Problems and case #6 Essay

Financial Management Problems and case #6 - Essay Example Reporting a large loss and/or increasing dividend payout would have a negative effect on cash and profitability. Problem 9: MVA - Henderson Industries, with a stock price of $60, $500MM of issued common stock, and an MVA of $130MM has shares outstanding in the amount of 10,500,000; the result of the sum of the book value ($500MM) and the market value added ($130MM) divided by the share price. Problem 10: Cash Flow - Based on the information provided regarding Bailey Corporation's Income Statement: (a) The net operating profit after taxes is $3B [NOPAT=EBIT(1-Tax rate)=$4B(1-$1B)]. (b) The net cash flow is $4.5B [NCF=NI+D&A=$1.5B+$3B]. (c) The operating cash flow is $6B [OCF=EBIT(1-Tax rate)+D&A=$3B+$3B]. (d) The free cash flow is $2.7B [FCF=OCF-IOC=$6B-$3.3B]. Problem 11: Income Statement - Based on the information provided regarding Hermann Industries' Income Statement forecasts, the forecasted net income would be achieved by a sales figure of $ 12,681,481.47: Sales $12,681,481.47 Operating Costs (55% of Sales) ($ 6,974,814.81) EBITDA $ 5,706,666.66 Depreciation & Amortization ($ 880,000.00) EBIT $ 4,826,666.66 Interest ($ 660,000.00) EBT $ 4,166,666.66 Taxes (40%) ($ 1,666,666.66) Net Income $ 2,500,000.00 EMBA 503, Financial Management Case Six YOUR FULL NAME YOUR INSTITUION OR SCHOOL PROFESSOR DATE Lottery Winnings: Case Study Six 1. If you were one of the winners, which option would you select Why I would choose the cash option. I would do this primarily because I could invest the money safely and obtain a return that, although less than the annuity payment, would still give me more money than I need each year and would never... Problem 9: MVA - Henderson Industries, with a stock price of $60, $500MM of issued common stock, and an MVA of $130MM has shares outstanding in the amount of 10,500,000; the result of the sum of the book value ($500MM) and the market value added ($130MM) divided by the share price. Problem 11: Income Statement - Based on the information provided regarding Hermann Industries' Income Statement forecasts, the forecasted net income would be achieved by a sales figure of $ 12,681,481.47: 1. If you were one of the winners, which option would you select Why I would choose the cash option. I would do this primarily because I could invest the money safely and obtain a return that, although less than the annuity payment, would still give me more money than I need each year and would never diminish the principal. Also, if I did not spend all of the money gained from the investment, the compound interest would increase my portfolio significantly. Finally, my tax burden would be less over the long term because capital gains from the investments are taxed at a lower rate in the U.S. than regular income. 3. Is the State of Michigan justified in advertising the prize amount as $363 million Explain.

Reading Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Reading Summary - Article Example More also, it also consolidates changes to how the United States economy is measured together with additional source data. The GDP and the national records evaluations focus on economic census information in a general sense and any other data that is accessible just once in every five years. Secondly, the difficulty lies in creating a system and strategies that make use of these financial census data. In addition, it consolidates them using a mosaic of month to month, quarterly, and yearly monetary markers to create quarterly and annual GDP estimates. Appraisals of GDP start with a complete revision assessment, also known as a "best-level" gauge, which is produced once in every five years with the reference year typically a few years ago. In the event that the actual yield surpasses its potential level, then demands on capacity start to bind, limiting further development and leading to inflationary pressure. In the case that yield falls beneath potential, then assets are lying dormant, and inflation might fall. Discharging of Genuine GDP data occurs monthly and is reports of quarterly movement. A month after the quarter ends, the first one is removed. As more information come in, the second report is issued toward the end of the second month from quarters end, as a "last" report arriving at the final point of the quarter. (Landefeld, Seskin, & Fraumeni, 2008) The fundamental difficulties outlined in the article incorporate the absence of sufficient data measuring in the services and administrations sector. The second set of difficulties identifies with the advancement of better estimation strategies for parts that are, by their characteristics, difficult to value. The pressure for giving data to national profits more rapidly will just build up. All in all, it is worth to express that Measuring GDP for the United States economy is dependable working for the advancement. Since Bureau

Bioprocessing requirements to manufacture a specific product Essay

Bioprocessing requirements to manufacture a specific product - Essay Example In lactic acid fermentation, a single molecule of pyruvate is changed into lactate. In the same process, ethanol and carbon dioxide are also resulting products. This kind of fermentation occurs in muscles of animals when the energy requirement exceeds the oxygen supply. This anaerobic process occurs, providing the organism with the energy required, in an anaerobic manner. Before this process can occur, though, a molecule of glucose has to be split into two molecules of pyruvate. This is a process referred to as glycolysis. In homolactic fermentation, two moles of lactic acid are anaerobically formed from a single molecule of glucose. When lactic acid is produced during fermentation, a racemic mixture of its two isomers is obtained. The L(+) and D(-) isomers will exist in equal quantities. When carbohydrate is fermented, glycolic and lactic acids will be found in the product mixture. This is the simplest form of fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation is a redox reaction that occurs in anaerobic conditions (Dworkin, 2006, 539). Lactic acid fermentation as a process finds use in the food industry since it is used in the production of yoghurt. Milk is fermented with bacteria that are harmless, mainly Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Milk is used as the culture in this process. When the pH of the milk is decreased, it congeals. The bacteria are responsible for producing compounds that give the resultant product the distinctive taste of yoghurt. By lowering the pH, the conditions become unfavourable for harmful bacteria, making this process effective. This process also finds use in producing sauerkraut. This process utilizes genus Leuconostoc (Dworkin, 2006, 541). In lactic acid fermentation, the product will be dependent on the strain of microbe used. The strain of microbe that is used for fermentation will influence the stereo-specificity of the product. The